Different Types of Rice Explained

Rice is an ubiquitous staple of food cultures across the world. Whether cooking with wild rice, Asian rice, or African rice, the grain is an ideal vessel for stews, sauces, and stir-frys.

Types of Rice

Rice plants belong to one of two genus – Oryza and Zizania – but most of the rice grown for commercial and consumer use is Oryza. Rice is further categorized by its flavor, color, aroma, and glutinousness (stickiness), as well as by the length of the grain. 

Asian Rice

Asian rice – Oryza sativa – is part of a grass that was first cultivated in China over 8,200 years ago. There are over 40,000 different varieties of Asian rice, which are broken into four major subspecies: indica, japonica, aromatic, and glutinous.

The two major subspecies are the long-grained indica and the short-grained japonica. Oryza japonica is grown mostly in China but is cultivated across the world. Oryza indica is grown in the Asian subtropics, like the Philippines, India, Indonesia, and some African countries. 

African Rice

African rice – Oryza glaberrima -- is a domesticated rice species from about 2,000 years ago. It’s largely grown in West Africa. African rice has been shown to have smaller yields than O. sativa, but the plants are also more resistant to pests and disease. 

Wild Rice

Another plant gets credit for producing what Americans call “wild rice” – Zizania aquaticais. It’s the product of a grass like Oryza, but is native to North America. The growing conditions for the plant are similar to those of O. sativa.

Characteristics of Rice

Types of rice are categorized by their unique flavors, scents, or biological structure. There are even certain types of rice that are used to make commercial products like paper.

Flavor

The flavor of rice is often described as neutral, but especially flavorful rice might be subtly nutty or floral, depending on the variety and the region in which it was grown. 

Color

All  rice starts off as brown or “unpolished” rice. Brown rice can be preserved for consumption or “polished” to create white rice. White rice is milled to remove the brown bran layer of the grain – this is the case for every variety of rice. Brown rice is often considered healthier because the bran layer adds fiber and nutrition, but it takes longer to soften when cooking.

Aroma

Certain types of rice are cultivated for the floral aroma they release when cooking, as well as similar notes they contribute to the dish.

Grain Length

The varieties of Oryza sativa are also often characterized by the length and circumference of the grain. The grain-to-length ratio is measured after the rice is cooked, determining if the variety is long, medium, or short-grain rice.  

Long-grain rice is about 4 to 5 times longer than it is wide after being cooked, while medium-grain rice is 2 to 3 times longer than it is wide. Short-grain rice is round, being about as wide as it is long.

Stickiness or Glutinousness

Certain varieties of rice are cultivated to increase the amount of gluten in the rice, in order to make it stickier. Sticky rice has various culinary uses, especially in Asian cuisine.

Types of White Rice

White rice is incredibly versatile, highly popular, and widely available. It often has a slightly floral flavor profile or nutty notes. 

Parboiled

Parboiled rice is pre-cooked in a pressure process that gelatinizes the starch in the grain, and allows it to cook quickly. The process also increases the shelf life of the grain.

Arborio

Arborio is a variety of short-grained and starchy rice that's popular in Italian cooking. Risotto is a dish traditionally made with Arborio.  

Valencia Rice

Valencia is a short-grain round rice that is excellent at absorbing liquids. It’s traditional in Spanish cooking, and used in the preparation of paella.

Calrose Rice

Calrose rice is a medium-grain variety that’s cultivated and grown in California, and a staple of American cooking.

Sushi Rice

Sushi rice (or sticky rice) is made from glutinous medium or short-grain rice. A common practice is to wash the starch from the rice before preparing, and to add seasonings or sauces —such as sugar and vinegar—to make the rice hold together when shaped.

Jasmine

Jasmine is a long-grain white rice named for its floral aroma and taste. It’s popular in Thai and other Southern Asian culinary traditions.

Basmati

Basmati is another variety of floral rice that is cultivated, grown, and eaten in India. The long-grain white rice is steamed dry so that it can release its aroma when served.

Brown Rice

Brown rice is more chewy, fibrous, and pungently nutty than white rice. It’s offered as an alternative to white rice in health food stores and restaurants across the US. Since it’s unprocessed, most of the rice varieties mentioned above have a brown rice counterpart.  

Black Rice

Black rice is sometimes called “forbidden rice,” because the working classes in China couldn’t afford to buy or eat it. Black rice is a glutinous, long-grain variety of O. Sativa that is native to Southern Asian countries like the Philippines and Thailand. 

Types of Wild Rice

Wild rice comes in all shades of brown and is usually sold after minimal drying and processing. Black, brown, or beige wild rice is nutty and sometimes sulfurous, and is prized for its nutritional value and unique taste.